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Therefore, water reservoirs located even in close vicinity may show differing susceptibility to abiotic factors such as salinity, nutrient content and temperature ( De Meester et al., 2005 Lyons et al., 2012).

Diversity in size as well as in the number of freeze-thaw cycles, nutrient availability, local food web, or mineral leaching contributes to the high seasonal variability of these habitats and affects the distribution and composition of the microbial community ( Izaguirre et al., 1998 Vinocur and Unrein, 2000 Borghini et al., 2011 Archer et al., 2015). Due to their size, there is better contact between water and sediment as well as air and water and groundwater, thus high biogeochemical reactivity is achieved. They have a considerable impact on the energy balance of landscapes and the carbon cycle ( Downing, 2010 Abnizova et al., 2012). Ponds, in opposition to lakes, may be permanent or seasonal, functionally different from larger water bodies, and indicate greater biotic and environmental amplitudes ( McKnight et al., 1999 De Meester et al., 2005 Howard-Williams and Hawes, 2007 Vincent et al., 2009). These ecosystems contain dilute meltwaters, hypersaline ponds, ultra-oligotrophic and mesotrophic lakes, nitrate-rich brines, waters affected by animals, and algal wetlands. Increased temperatures contribute to the melting of glaciers, snow, or ground ice and the formation as well as replenishment of water reservoirs. At the highest latitudes, the preservation of most limnetic ecosystems is dependent on the seasonal freezing and thawing cycle. Aquatic ecosystems constitute an important element of biodiversity and landscape productivity in polar regions. This Maritime Antarctic region is the largest seasonally ice-free area with especially abundant lakes, ponds, and streams ( Toro et al., 2007 Vincent et al., 2009 Mink et al., 2014). The northern part of the Antarctic Peninsula and the neighboring islands to the north and along the western side, including King George Island – the largest of the South Shetland Islands – experience the mildest climate within the continent. Comparative studies of communities found in different Antarctic environments indicate a great role for penguins in shaping bacterial populations.

With the addition of run-off, the proportions of inhabiting bacteria changed, including a significant decrease in the abundance of Cyanobacteria, from 2.38 to 0.33%, increase of Firmicutes from 9.32 to 19.18%, and a decreasing richness (Chao1 index from 1299 to 889) and diversity (Shannon index from 4.73 to 4.20). The dominant Actinobacteria constituting 45% of isolates represents a low proportion of the community, around 4%. The taxonomic classification of the obtained isolates differs from that based on the composition of the 16S rRNA relative abundances in the studied pond. Metabolic assays showed that of the 168 tested heterotrophic bacteria present in the Antarctic periodic pond, 96% are able to degrade lipids, 30% cellulose, 26% proteins, and 26% starch. This study was conducted to assess the taxonomic and metabolic diversity of bacteria found in Antarctic pond affected by penguins and sea elephants and to define their role in ongoing processes. These include periodic ponds that have a significant impact on carbon and nitrogen cycling in polar environments. Polar regions contain a wide variety of lentic ecosystems.

Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.

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